Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Islet regeneration protein Reg3g promotes macrophage clearance of β cell-derived dysfunctional mitochondria-rich vesicles to mitigate T2DM

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2025.103996

Figure Lengend Snippet: Macrophages ingest β cell-derived dysfunctional mitochondria in the form of extracellular vesicles. (A) Generation of mtDsRed2-labeled MIN6 cells, cocultured with DIO-labeled BMDM for indicated time. (B) Representative confocal images of BMDM incubated with MIN6 cells (described in A) for 0.5, 12, and 24 h (n = 3). (C) Time-lapse confocal imaging revealing a mitochondria uptake event in macrophage. (D) qPCR analysis using specific primers for mtDNA from RAW264.7 and β-TC6 (n = 3). (E) qPCR analysis of mtDNA from β-TC6 in RAW264.7 individual cultured (Mon-RAW264.7) or cocultured with β-TC6 (Co-RAW264.7) (n = 3). (F) Flow cytometry measured the transfer of mitochondria from Ins2p-mMito-DsRed2-labeled β cells to CD11b + F4/80 + macrophages isolated from mice islets and quantified the mean fluorescence intensity of mtDsRed2 (n = 6). (G) Representative confocal images of insulin immunofluorescence staining of mtDsRed2-labeled isolated islets (left). Flow cytometry measured mtDsRed2 in BMDM from the transwell system co-cultured with or without mtDsRed2-labeled isolated islets for 24 h (right) (n = 5). (H) The coculture and transwell culture systems determine the form of mitochondrial transfer. The mean fluorescence intensity of mtDsRed2 in RAW264.7 was analyzed by flow cytometry (n = 5). (I) Experimental schematic for collecting extracellular vesicles (EVs) from β cell-conditioned medium. (J) Proteomic analysis of mEVs. The six most representative cellular components are shown. Data are obtained from a pool of mEVs derived from β cells. (K) Representative confocal microscopy pictures of EVs from mtDsRed2-labeled β cells stained with DIO (n = 3). (L) Representative transmission electron microscopy image of EVs. The red arrow shows mitochondria in the EVs (n = 3). (M) Representative Western blot of Large EVs filtrated with 0.22 μm pore-size filter or not. CD63 and CD81 were used as markers of EVs, and TOM20 stands for mitochondria (n = 3). (N) Mitochondria membrane potential detection of β cells treated with or without PA and EVs from these β cells (n = 3). (O) Mitochondrial ROS content of EVs, from β cells treated with PA or not, was analyzed by MitoSOX staining (n = 6). Data are presented as the means ± SEMs. For D, E, F, G and O, statistical significance was calculated using Student's unpaired two-tailed t -test. For N, statistical significance was calculated using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc comparison. ∗∗ P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Antibodies used to determine protein expression list as follows: CD63 (Sc-5275, Santa), CD81 (HY– P80608 , MCE), LC3A/B (#12741, CST; #AF5402, Affinity Biosciences), TOM20 (66777-1-Ig, Proteintech), P2RX7 (28207-1-AP, Proteintech), NF-κB (#8242, CST), p–NF–κB (#3033, CST).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Labeling, Incubation, Imaging, Cell Culture, Flow Cytometry, Isolation, Fluorescence, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Confocal Microscopy, Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy, Western Blot, Pore Size, Membrane, Two Tailed Test, Comparison

Journal: iScience

Article Title: HMOX1 drives dihydroartemisinin-sensitized ferroptosis antagonized by mitochondrial fusion

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2025.114382

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mitochondrial oxidative stress induced by DHA and RSL-3 activates mitochondrial fusion (A) The thumbnail sketch of mitochondrial functions that may be regulated by mitochondrial oxidation. (B) Cell viability of N27 cells treated with DHA (1.5 μM) and RSL-3 (100 nM) for 48 h in the absence or presence of mitochondrial regulators (2 μM oligo A, 2 μM CCCP, 10 μM αKG, 1 μM rotenone), n = 6 wells from one representative of two independent experiments. (C–E) Western blot and quantifications of the OXPHOS, Tom20, β-actin, and GAPDH expression in N27 cells treated with DHA (1.5 μM) and RSL-3 (100 nM) for 12 h. (F–I) Western blot and quantifications of the MFN1, MFN2, DRP1, and GAPDH expression in N27 cells treated with DHA (1.5 μM) and RSL-3 (100 nM) for 12 h. (J) N27 cells were treated with DHA (1.5 μM) and RSL-3 (100 nM) for 12 h and detected by JC-1 using flow cytometry. Statistical analysis of the ratio of the MFI of JC-1 red to JC-1 green is shown, n = 6 wells from one representative of two independent experiments. (K–M) Western blot and quantifications of the MFN1, MFN2, and GAPDH expression in N27 cells treated with MitoQ (5 μM), DHA (1.5 μM), and RSL-3 (100 nM) for 12 h. (N) Cell viability of N27 cells treated with DHA (1.5 μM) and RSL-3 (100 nM) in the absence or presence of mitochondrial fusion promoter M1 (5 μM) for 48 h, n = 6 wells from one representative of two independent experiments. Data are means ± SEM, n = 3 wells from one representative of two independent experiments unless specified. One-way ANOVA was performed unless specified.

Article Snippet: TOM20 Polyclonal antibody (1:5000) , Proteintech , 11802-1-AP; RRID: AB_2207530.

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, Flow Cytometry